Table 1 |
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|
Cost estimates for lignocellulosic ethanol production |
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| Reference |
Conversion processa |
Capacity (tonnes dry biomass year-1) |
Ethanol production cost (2005US$ litre-1) |
|
|
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| Von Sivers and Zacchi (1996) [4] |
Enz./dilute acid/concentrated acid |
100,000 (softwood) |
0.76/0.81/0.79 |
|
|
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| Lynd (1996) [5] |
Enz. (SSF) |
592,000 (hardwood) |
0.4 |
|
|
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| National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Wooley et al. (1999) [3] Aden et al. (2002) [6] Ruth and Jechura (2003) [7] |
Enz. (SSF) |
700,000 (hardwood)/(corn stover) |
0.47/0.34 |
|
|
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| Wingren (2003) [8] |
Enz. (SHF)/Enz. (SSF) |
196,000 (softwood) |
0.8/0.68–0.64 |
|
|
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| Sassner et al. (2008) [26] |
Enz. (SSF) |
200,000 (hardwood/corn stover/softwood) |
0.71/0.71/0.57 |
|
aProcess classified according to principal hydrolysis step: Enz. = enzymatic hydrolysis; SSF = simultaneous saccharification and fermentation; SHF = separate hydrolysis and fermentation. Estimates are normalised for currency, year and units. | |||
Slade et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2009 2:3 doi:10.1186/1754-6834-2-3 |
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